History of tennis (Sport)

Jeu de paume in Paris, France, 1622.

Most historians believe that tennis originated in France in the 12th century, but the ball was then struck with the palm of the hand. It was not until the 16th century that rackets came into use, and the game began to be called "tennis." It was popular in England and France, although the game was only played indoors where the ball could be hit off the wall. This later created much controversy between many people who thought that it was unfair for the opposing team. They claimed that the other team was able to hit the ball in a certain way for it to hit the wall and come back to them. Henry VIII of England was a big fan of this game, which historians now refer to as real tennis.

American football rules (Sport)

Game play in American football consists of a series of downs, individual plays of short duration, outside of which the ball is dead or not in play. These can be plays from scrimmage—passes, runs, punts, or field goal attempts—or free kicks such as kickoffs. Substitutions can be made between downs, which allows for a great deal of specialization as coaches choose the players best suited for each particular situation. During a play, each team should have no more than 11 players on the field, and each of them has specific tasks assigned for that specific play.

The Tennessee Titans and the Houston Texans in formation before a play.

Sepak takraw (Sport)

Sepak takraw , or kick volleyball, is a sport native to the Malay-Thai Peninsula. Sepak takraw differs from the similar sport of volleyball in its use of a rattan ball and only allowing players to use their feet, knee, chest and head to touch the ball. It is a popular sport in Southeast Asia.

Sepak takraw

Quran (Islamic)

The Quran, also transliterated Qur'an, Koran, Al-Coran, Coran, Kuran, and Al-Qur'an, is the central religious text of Islam, which Muslims believe to be the verbatim word of God (Arabic: الله‎, Allah). It is regarded widely as the finest piece of literature in the Arabic language.

Al-Qurʾān - (القرآن)

Five Pillars of Islam (Islamic)

The Five Pillars of Islam (arkān-al-Islām أركان الإسلام; also arkān ad-dīn أركان الدين "pillars of the religion") are five basic acts in Islam, considered obligatory by believers and are the foundation of Muslim life. These are summarized in the famous hadith of Gabriel.

Islam

Islam (Islamic)

Islam (English  /ˈɪzlɑːm/; Arabic: الإسلام‎ al-ʾislām  IPA: [ʔɪsˈlæːm] is a monotheistic and Abrahamic religion articulated by the Qur'an, a text considered by its adherents to be the verbatim word of God (Arabic: الله‎ Allāh) and by the teachings and normative example (called the Sunnah and composed of Hadith) of Muhammad, considered by them to be the last prophet of God. An adherent of Islam is called a Muslim.

The Kaaba, in Mecca, Saudi Arabia, is the center of Islam. Muslims
from all over the world gather there to pray in unity.

Kung fu/Kungfu (Sport)

Kung fu/Kungfu or Gung fu/Gongfu (功夫, Pinyin: gōngfu) is a Chinese term referring to any study, learning, or practice that requires patience, energy, and time to complete, often used in the West to refer to Chinese martial arts, also known as Wushu. It is only in the late twentieth century, that this term was used in relation to Chinese Martial Arts by the Chinese community. The Oxford English Dictionary defines the term "Kung-fu" as "a primarily unarmed Chinese martial art resembling karate." This illustrates how this term has been misused in English. The origin of this misuse can be attributed to the misunderstanding or mistranslation of the term through movie subtitles or dubbing.

Chinese martial arts

Pencak Silat (Sport)

Pencak silat demonstration in Jakarta.

Pencak silat (also spelled penchak silat and pentjak silat) is an umbrella term for the indigenous martial arts created in Indonesia. The leading organization of pencak silat in Indonesia is IPSI (Ikatan Pencak Silat Indonesia, literally: Pencak Silat Association of Indonesia). The liaison body for international pencak silat is the International Pencak Silat Association or PERSILAT (Persekutuan Pencak Silat Antara Bangsa).

Portrait painting (Art)

The official Chinese court portrait painting of Empress Cao (wife of Emperor Renzong) of Song Dynasty

Portrait painting is a genre in painting, where the intent is to depict the visual appearance of the subject. Beside human beings, animals, pets and even inanimate objects can be chosen as the subject for a portrait. In addition to portrait painting, portraits can also be made in other media such as, etching, lithography, photography, even video and digital media.

Landscape painting (Art)

Themistokles von Eckenbrecher (German, 1842–1921), View of Laerdalsoren, on the Sognefjord, 1901

Hasegawa Tōhaku, Pine Trees, one of a pair of folding screens, Japan, 1593. 156.8 × 356 cm (61.73 × 140.16 in)

Landscape art is a term that covers the depiction of natural scenery such as mountains, valleys, trees, rivers, and forests, and especially art where the main subject is a wide view, with its elements arranged into a coherent composition. In other works landscape backgrounds for figures can still form an important part of the work. Sky is almost always included in the view, and weather is often an element of the composition. Detailed landscapes as a distinct subject are not found in all artistic traditions, and develop when there is already a sophisticated tradition of representing other subjects. The two main traditions spring from Western painting and Chinese art, going back well over a thousand years in both cases. Landscape photography has been very important since the 19th century, and is covered by its own article.

Persian miniature (Art)

Advice of the Ascetic (c. 1500-1550). As in Western illuminated manuscripts, exquisitely decorated borders were an integral part of the work of art.

A Persian miniature is a small painting on paper, whether a book illustration or a separate work of art intended to be kept in an album of such works called a muraqqa. The techniques are broadly comparable to the Western and Byzantine traditions of miniatures in illuminated manuscripts. Although there is an equally well-established Persian tradition of wall-painting, the survival rate and state of preservation of miniatures is better, and miniatures are much the best-known form of Persian painting in the West, and many of the most important examples are in Western, or Turkish, museums. Miniature painting became a significant Persian genre in the 13th century, receiving Chinese influence after the Mongol conquests, and the highest point in the tradition was reached in the 15th and 16th centuries. The tradition continued, under some Western influence, after this, and has many modern exponents. The Persian miniature was the dominant influence on other Islamic miniature traditions, principally the Ottoman miniature in Turkey, and the Mughal miniature in the Indian sub-continent.

History of art (Art)

Venus of Willendorf, circa 24,000–22,000 BP

Sculptures, cave paintings, rock paintings and petroglyphs from the Upper Paleolithic dating to roughly 40,000 years ago have been found, but the precise meaning of such art is often disputed because so little is known about the cultures that produced them. The oldest art objects in the world—a series of tiny, drilled snail shells about 75,000 years old—were discovered in a South African cave. Containers that may have been used to hold paints have been found dating as far back as 100,000 years.

Cave painting of a horse from the Lascaux caves, circa 16,000 BP

Sketch - drawing (Art)

Jesus and the Adulteress. A sketched figure composition by Rembrandt van Rijn

Charcoal sketch of willows by Thomas Gainsborough

A sketch (ultimately from Greek σχέδιος – schedios, "done extempore") is a rapidly executed freehand drawing that is not usually intended as a finished work. A sketch may serve a number of purposes: it might record something that the artist sees, it might record or develop an idea for later use or it might be used as a quick way of graphically demonstrating an image, idea or principle. Sketching is generally a prescribed part of the studies of art students.
The term "sketch" has most often been applied to graphic work executed in a dry media such as graphite pencil, charcoal or pastel. It may also apply to drawings executed in pen and ink, ballpoint pen, water colour and oil paint. The latter two are generally referred to as "water colour sketches" and "oil sketches". A sculptor might model three-dimensional sketches in clay or plasticine.
The term "sketchbook" refers to a book of blank paper on which an artist can, (or has already) drawn sketches. The book might be purchased bound or might comprise loose leaves of sketches assembled or bound together.
Most visual artists use, to a greater or lesser degree, the sketch as a method of recording or working out ideas. The sketchbooks of some individual artists have become very well known, including those of Leonardo da Vinci and Edgar Degas which have become art objects in their own right, with many pages showing finished studies as well as sketches.
The ability to quickly record impressions through sketching has found varied purposes in today's culture. Courtroom artists are usually sketchers. Sketches drawn to help authorities find or identify wanted people are called composite sketches. Street performers in popular tourist areas often include artists who sketch portraits within minutes.

Idioms of painting (Art)

Allegory

Allegory is a figurative mode of representation conveying meaning other than the literal. Allegory communicates its message by means of symbolic figures, actions or symbolic representation. Allegory is generally treated as a figure of rhetoric, but an allegory does not have to be expressed in language: it may be addressed to the eye, and is often found in realistic painting. An example of a simple visual allegory is the image of the grim reaper. Viewers understand that the image of the grim reaper is a symbolic representation of death.

Painting media (Art)

Honoré Daumier (1808–79), The Painter

Different types of paint are usually identified by the medium that the pigment is suspended or embedded in, which determines the general working characteristics of the paint, such as viscosity, miscibility, solubility, drying time, etc.

Elements of painting (Art)

Intensity

What enables painting is the perception and representation of intensity. Every point in space has different intensity, which can be represented in painting by black and white and all the gray shades between. In practice, painters can articulate shapes by juxtaposing surfaces of different intensity; by using just color (of the same intensity) one can only represent symbolic shapes. Thus, the basic means of painting are distinct from ideological means, such as geometrical figures, various points of view and organization (perspective), and symbols. For example, a painter perceives that a particular white wall has different intensity at each point, due to shades and reflections from nearby objects, but ideally, a white wall is still a white wall in pitch darkness. In technical drawing, thickness of line is also ideal, demarcating ideal outlines of an object within a perceptual frame different from the one used by painters.

Chen Hongshou (1598–1652), Leaf album painting (Ming Dynasty)

History of painting (Art)

Cave painting of aurochs, (Bos primigenius primigenius), Lascaux, France, prehistoric art

The oldest known paintings are at the Grotte Chauvet in France, claimed by some historians to be about 32,000 years old. They are engraved and painted using red ochre and black pigment and show horses, rhinoceros, lions, buffalo, mammoth, abstract designs and what are possibly partial human figures. However the earliest evidence of the act of painting has been discovered in two rock-shelters in Arnhem Land, in northern Australia. In the lowest layer of material at these sites there are used pieces of ochre estimated to be 60,000 years old. Archaeologists have also found a fragment of rock painting preserved in a limestone rock-shelter in the Kimberley region of North-Western Australia, that is dated 40 000 years old. There are examples of cave paintings all over the world—in India, France, Spain, Portugal, China, Australia, etc.
In Western cultures oil painting and watercolor painting have rich and complex traditions in style and subject matter. In the East, ink and color ink historically predominated the choice of media with equally rich and complex traditions.

Music (Art)

Music is an art form whose medium is sound and silence. Its common elements are pitch (which governs melody and harmony), rhythm (and its associated concepts tempo, meter, and articulation), dynamics, and the sonic qualities of timbre and texture. The word derives from Greek μουσική (mousike; "art of the Muses").

A painting on an Ancient Greek vase depicts a music lesson (c. 510 BC).

Atom (Chemistry)

The atom is a basic unit of matter that consists of a dense central nucleus surrounded by a cloud of negatively charged electrons. The atomic nucleus contains a mix of positively charged protons and electrically neutral neutrons (except in the case of hydrogen-1, which is the only stable nuclide with no neutrons). The electrons of an atom are bound to the nucleus by the electromagnetic force. Likewise, a group of atoms can remain bound to each other by chemical bonds based on the same force, forming a molecule. An atom containing an equal number of protons and electrons is electrically neutral, otherwise it is positively or negatively charged and is known as an ion. An atom is classified according to the number of protons and neutrons in its nucleus: the number of protons determines the chemical element, and the number of neutrons determines the isotope of the element.

An illustration of the helium atom, depicting the nucleus (pink)
and the electron cloud distribution (black). The nucleus (upper right)
in helium-4 is in reality spherically symmetric and closely resembles
the electron cloud, although for more complicated nuclei this is not
always the case. The black bar is one angstrom (10⁻¹⁰ m or 100 pm).

Chemical atoms, which in science now carry the simple name of "atom," are minuscule objects with diameters of a few tenths of a nanometer and tiny masses proportional to the volume implied by these dimensions. Atoms can only be observed individually using special instruments such as the scanning tunneling microscope. Over 99.94% of an atom's mass is concentrated in the nucleus, with protons and neutrons having roughly equal mass. Each element has at least one isotope with an unstable nucleus that can undergo radioactive decay. This can result in a transmutation that changes the number of protons or neutrons in a nucleus. Electrons that are bound to atoms possess a set of stable energy levels, or orbitals, and can undergo transitions between them by absorbing or emitting photons that match the energy differences between the levels. The electrons determine the chemical properties of an element, and strongly influence an atom's magnetic properties. The principles of quantum mechanics have been successfully used to model the observed properties of the atom.

Etymology

The name atom comes from the Greek ἄτομος (atomos, "indivisible") from ἀ- (a-, "not") and τέμνω (temnō, "I cut"), which means uncuttable, or indivisible, something that cannot be divided further. The concept of an atom as an indivisible component of matter was first proposed by early Indian and Greek philosophers. In the 18^th and 19^th centuries, chemists provided a physical basis for this idea by showing that certain substances could not be further broken down by chemical methods, and they applied the ancient philosophical name of atom to the chemical entity. During the late 19^th and early 20^th centuries, physicists discovered subatomic components and structure inside the atom, thereby demonstrating that the chemical "atom" was divisible and that the name might not be appropriate. However, it was retained. This has led to some debate about whether the ancient philosophers, who intended to refer to fundamental individual objects with their concept of "atoms," were referring to modern chemical atoms, or something more like indivisible subatomic particles such as leptons or quarks, or even some more fundamental particle that has yet to be discovered.

History

Atomism

The concept that matter is composed of discrete units and cannot be divided into arbitrarily tiny quantities has been around for millennia, but these ideas were founded in abstract, philosophical reasoning rather than experimentation and empirical observation. The nature of atoms in philosophy varied considerably over time and between cultures and schools, and often had spiritual elements. Nevertheless, the basic idea of the atom was adopted by scientists thousands of years later because it elegantly explained new discoveries in the field of chemistry.
References to the concept of atoms date back to ancient Greece and India. In India, the Ājīvika, Jain, and Cārvāka schools of atomism may date back to the 6th century BCE. The Nyaya and Vaisheshika schools later developed theories on how atoms combined into more complex objects. In the West, the references to atoms emerged in the 5th century BCE with Leucippus, whose student, Democritus, systematized his views. In approximately 450 BCE, Democritus coined the term átomos (Greek: ἄτομος), which means "uncuttable" or "the smallest indivisible particle of matter". Although the Indian and Greek concepts of the atom were based purely on philosophy, modern science has retained the name coined by Democritus.
Corpuscularianism is the postulate, expounded in the 13th-century by the alchemist Pseudo-Geber (Geber), sometimes identified with Paul of Taranto, that all physical bodies possess an inner and outer layer of minute particles or corpuscles. Corpuscularianism is similar to the theory of atomism, except that where atoms were supposed to be indivisible, corpuscles could in principle be divided. In this manner, for example, it was theorized that mercury could penetrate into metals and modify their inner structure. Corpuscularianism stayed a dominant theory over the next several hundred years.
In 1661, natural philosopher Robert Boyle published The Sceptical Chymist in which he argued that matter was composed of various combinations of different "corpuscules" or atoms, rather than the classical elements of air, earth, fire and water. During the 1670s corpuscularianism was used by Isaac Newton in his development of the corpuscular theory of light.

Origin of scientific theory

Various atoms and molecules as depicted in John Dalton's
A New System of Chemical Philosophy (1808), one of the earliest scientific works on atomic theory

Further progress in the understanding of atoms did not occur until the science of chemistry began to develop. In 1789, French nobleman and scientific researcher Antoine Lavoisier discovered the law of conservation of mass and defined an element as a basic substance that could not be further broken down by the methods of chemistry.
In 1805, English instructor and natural philosopher John Dalton used the concept of atoms to explain why elements always react in ratios of small whole numbers (the law of multiple proportions) and why certain gases dissolved better in water than others. He proposed that each element consists of atoms of a single, unique type, and that these atoms can join together to form chemical compounds. Dalton is considered the originator of modern atomic theory.
Dalton's atomic hypothesis did not specify the size of atoms. Common sense indicated they must be very small, but nobody knew how small. Therefore it was a major landmark when in 1865 Johann Josef Loschmidt measured the size of the molecules that make up air.
An additional line of reasoning in support of particle theory (and by extension atomic theory) began in 1827 when botanist Robert Brown used a microscope to look at dust grains floating in water and discovered that they moved about erratically—a phenomenon that became known as "Brownian motion". J. Desaulx suggested in 1877 that the phenomenon was caused by the thermal motion of water molecules, and in 1905 Albert Einstein produced the first mathematical analysis of the motion. French physicist Jean Perrin used Einstein's work to experimentally determine the mass and dimensions of atoms, thereby conclusively verifying Dalton's atomic theory.

Mendeleev's first periodic table (1869)

In 1869, building upon earlier discoveries by such scientists as Lavoisier, Dmitri Mendeleev published the first functional periodic table. The table itself is a visual representation of the periodic law, which states that certain chemical properties of elements repeat periodically when arranged by atomic number.

Subcomponents and quantum theory

A generic atomic planetary model, or the Rutherford model

The physicist J. J. Thomson, through his work on cathode rays in 1897, discovered the electron, and concluded that they were a component of every atom. Thus he overturned the belief that atoms are the indivisible, ultimate particles of matter. Thomson postulated that the low mass, negatively charged electrons were distributed throughout the atom, possibly rotating in rings, with their charge balanced by the presence of a uniform sea of positive charge. This later became known as the plum pudding model.
In 1909, Hans Geiger and Ernest Marsden, under the direction of physicist Ernest Rutherford, bombarded a sheet of gold foil with alpha rays—by then known to be positively charged helium atoms—and discovered that a small percentage of these particles were deflected through much larger angles than was predicted using Thomson's proposal. Rutherford interpreted the gold foil experiment as suggesting that the positive charge of a heavy gold atom and most of its mass was concentrated in a nucleus at the center of the atom—the Rutherford model.
While experimenting with the products of radioactive decay, in 1913 radiochemist Frederick Soddy discovered that there appeared to be more than one type of atom at each position on the periodic table. The term isotope was coined by Margaret Todd as a suitable name for different atoms that belong to the same element. J.J. Thomson created a technique for separating atom types through his work on ionized gases, which subsequently led to the discovery of stable isotopes.

A Bohr model of the hydrogen atom, showing an electron jumping
between fixed orbits and emitting a photon of energy with a specific frequency

Meanwhile, in 1913, physicist Niels Bohr suggested that the electrons were confined into clearly defined, quantized orbits, and could jump between these, but could not freely spiral inward or outward in intermediate states. An electron must absorb or emit specific amounts of energy to transition between these fixed orbits. When the light from a heated material was passed through a prism, it produced a multi-colored spectrum. The appearance of fixed lines in this spectrum was successfully explained by these orbital transitions.
Later in the same year Henry Moseley provided additional experimental evidence in favor of Niels Bohr's theory. These results refined Ernest Rutherford's and Antonius Van den Broek's model, which proposed that the atom contains in its nucleus a number of positive nuclear charges that is equal to its (atomic) number in the periodic table. Until these experiments, atomic number was not known to be a physical and experimental quantity. That it is equal to the atomic nuclear charge remains the accepted atomic model today.
Chemical bonds between atoms were now explained, by Gilbert Newton Lewis in 1916, as the interactions between their constituent electrons. As the chemical properties of the elements were known to largely repeat themselves according to the periodic law, in 1919 the American chemist Irving Langmuir suggested that this could be explained if the electrons in an atom were connected or clustered in some manner. Groups of electrons were thought to occupy a set of electron shells about the nucleus.
The Stern–Gerlach experiment of 1922 provided further evidence of the quantum nature of the atom. When a beam of silver atoms was passed through a specially shaped magnetic field, the beam was split based on the direction of an atom's angular momentum, or spin. As this direction is random, the beam could be expected to spread into a line. Instead, the beam was split into two parts, depending on whether the atomic spin was oriented up or down.
In 1924, Louis de Broglie proposed that all particles behave to an extent like waves. In 1926, Erwin Schrödinger used this idea to develop a mathematical model of the atom that described the electrons as three-dimensional waveforms rather than point particles. A consequence of using waveforms to describe particles is that it is mathematically impossible to obtain precise values for both the position and momentum of a particle at the same time; this became known as the uncertainty principle, formulated by Werner Heisenberg in 1926. In this concept, for a given accuracy in measuring a position one could only obtain a range of probable values for momentum, and vice versa. This model was able to explain observations of atomic behavior that previous models could not, such as certain structural and spectral patterns of atoms larger than hydrogen. Thus, the planetary model of the atom was discarded in favor of one that described atomic orbital zones around the nucleus where a given electron is most likely to be observed.

Schematic diagram of a simple mass spectrometer

The development of the mass spectrometer allowed the exact mass of atoms to be measured. The device uses a magnet to bend the trajectory of a beam of ions, and the amount of deflection is determined by the ratio of an atom's mass to its charge. The chemist Francis William Aston used this instrument to show that isotopes had different masses. The atomic mass of these isotopes varied by integer amounts, called the whole number rule. The explanation for these different isotopes awaited the discovery of the neutron, a neutral-charged particle with a mass similar to the proton, by the physicist James Chadwick in 1932. Isotopes were then explained as elements with the same number of protons, but different numbers of neutrons within the nucleus.

Fission, high-energy physics and condensed matter

In 1938, the German chemist Otto Hahn, a student of Rutherford, directed neutrons onto uranium atoms expecting to get transuranium elements. Instead, his chemical experiments showed barium as a product. A year later, Lise Meitner and her nephew Otto Frisch verified that Hahn's result were the first experimental nuclear fission. In 1944, Hahn received the Nobel prize in chemistry. Despite Hahn's efforts, the contributions of Meitner and Frisch were not recognized.
In the 1950s, the development of improved particle accelerators and particle detectors allowed scientists to study the impacts of atoms moving at high energies. Neutrons and protons were found to be hadrons, or composites of smaller particles called quarks. The standard model of particle physics was developed that so far has successfully explained the properties of the nucleus in terms of these sub-atomic particles and the forces that govern their interactions.

Matrix (Mathematics)

Specific elements of a matrix are often denoted by a variable with two subscripts.
For instance, a_2,1 represents the element at the second row and first column of a matrix A.

In mathematics, a matrix (plural matrices) is a rectangular array of numbers, symbols, or expressions, arranged in rows and columns. The individual items in a matrix are called its elements or entries. An example of a matrix with 2 rows and 3 columns is

Limit (Mathematics)

In mathematics, a limit is the value that a function or sequence "approaches" as the input or index approaches some value. Limits are essential to calculus (and mathematical analysis in general) and are used to define continuity, derivatives, and integrals.
The concept of a limit of a sequence is further generalized to the concept of a limit of a topological net, and is closely related to limit and direct limit in category theory.In formulas, limit is usually abbreviated as lim as in lim(a_n) = a, and the fact of approaching a limit is represented by the right arrow (→) as in a_n → a.

Real number (Mathematics)

A symbol of the set of real numbers (ℝ)

Real numbers can be thought of as points on an infinitely long number line

.

In mathematics, a real number is a value that represents a quantity along a continuous line. The real numbers include all the rational numbers, such as the integer −5 and the fraction 4/3, and all the irrational numbers such as √2 (1.41421356... the square root of two, an irrational algebraic number) and π (3.14159265..., a transcendental number). Real numbers can be thought of as points on an infinitely long line called the number line or real line, where the points corresponding to integers are equally spaced. Any real number can be determined by a possibly infinite decimal representation such as that of 8.632, where each consecutive digit is measured in units one tenth the size of the previous one. The real line can be thought of as a part of the complex plane, and correspondingly, complex numbers include real numbers as a special case.

Integral (Mathematics)

A definite integral of a function can be represented as
the signed area of the region bounded by its graph.

Integration is an important concept in mathematics and, together with its inverse, differentiation, is one of the two main operations in calculus. Given a function f of a real variable x and an interval [a, b] of the real line, the definite integral

5 Monumen Teraneh di Dunia

1. Mimizuka ( Kyoto, Jepang )

Monumen ini didirikan untuk memperingati tewasnya 38.000 warga Korea akibat pembantaian Samurai² Jepang pada kurun 1592-1598.Namun bukan berarti dibangun karena banyaknya jenazah yang berada di sana,melainkan karena di sanalah tempat di kuburkannya anggota tubuh warga Korea yg dibantai berupa telinga dan hidung mereka.

Tempat-tempat yang Paling Beracun di Dunia

1. Citarum River, Indonesia
Dikenal sebagai sungai yang paling terkontaminasi di dunia. Sekitar 5 juta orang hidup disepanjang sungai ini dan kebanyakan dari mereka bergantung pada sungai ini untuk kebutuhan sehari2.

Pulau "Surga Para Hantu" di Italia

Poveglia adalah pulau kecil yang terletak antara Venezia dan Lido di Lagoon Venezia di Italia. Menurut sumber, pulau ini tidak berpenghuni dan tertutup untuk umum karena sejarah yang sangat kelam.

10 Kota hilang di dunia

Ternyata d dunia ini terdapat banyak sekali kota yang hilang. Kota hilang adalah sebuah kota yang sudah lama sekali disentuh oleh penduduknya dan ditinggalkan begitu saja karena trjadi banyak sekali bencana yang terjadi.

Ternyata Bahasa "4laY" Sudah Ada Sejak 1835

Bahasa "alay" atau bahasa gaul di Indonesia ternyata tidak hanya berlangsung pada zaman sekarang saja, bahkan telah ditemukan sejak tahun 1835 silam. Hal tersebut dikemukakan SST. Wisnu Sasongko, pakar bahasa dari Badan Pengembangan dan Pembinaan Bahasa RI, pada acara pemantauan dan sosialisasi penggunaan bahasa di ruang publik, yang digelar di hotel Rahmat Gorontalo, Rabu.

5 Hewan yang Dapat Memancarkan Cahaya

1. Kunang-kunang

Ada lebih 2.000 spesies kunang-kunang, yang sebenarnya adalah kumbang bersayap. Mekanisme bercahaya kunang-kunang biasanya menunjukkan beberapa informasi misalnya masa hidupnya. Kunang-kunang bersinar bahkan ketika mereka masih berupa larva kecil. Kedipan kepucatan mereka, cahaya kapur bertindak sebagai peringatan bagi pemangsa.

2.Ubur-ubur Jengger

Ubur-ubur jengger (Ctenophore) adalah makhluk lembut yang mirip dengan ubur-ubur dan anemon laut. Mereka umumnya memakan tanaman mikroskopis dan hewan-hewan laut kecil. Sebagian menangkap mangsa menggunakan tentakel (organ menyerupai belalai) yang lengket dan dapat bergerak di air seperti tali alat memancing. Selain itu, hampir semua ubur-ubur jengger memiliki sel penghasil cahaya khusus di sepanjang punggung tubuh mereka yang berlipit.

3. Cacing Bom

Spesies cacing baru yang ditemukan di kedalaman laut memiliki keunikan karena tubuhnya bisa menampakkan cahaya. Ilmuwan mengatakan, cacing langka itu bisa mengeluarkan "bom alami" dari pendaran cahaya dalam tubuhnya. Karena kemampuannya yang unik itu cacing itu mendapatkan nama ilmiah Swima bombiviridis. Karen Osborn dan timnya dari Scripps Institution of Oceanography di University of California, San Diego, melaporkan temuan tujuh spesies cacing baru dalam jurnal ilmiah Sains.

4. Anglerfish

Anglerfish merupakan ikan yg unik. Penampilannya sekilas menyeramkan karena tubuhnya berbentuk bulat & memiliki mulut yg lebar & bertaring melengkung panjang. Ciri khas lain ikan angler adalah organ lampu pada semacam "tali pancing" di bagian atas moncongnya. Ikan angler jenis lain, misalnya Thaumaticthys pagidostomus, memiliki organ cahaya di bawah giginya. Ikan angler tidak memiliki gelembung renang ( karena pada kedalaman itu gelembung renang atau paru-paru manusia) akan hancur akibat tekanan bawah laut, sehingga ikan itu menghabiskan seluruh hidupnya di laut dalam & tidak pernah naik ke permukaan.

5. Krill

Krill adalah crustacea seperti udang yang dapat ditemui di semua samudera dunia. Mereka dimakan oleh banyak binatang, termasuk burung, paus, cumi-cumi dan hiu paus. Mereka biasanya ditemukan pada grup besar, dengan lebih dari 10.000 krill per meter kubik. Kelebihan dari krill ini yaitu mereka bisa memancarkan cahaya dari tubuhnya untuk menakuti pemangsanya.

Spesies Hewan Purba Yang Masih Hidup di Indonesia

1.Buaya

Seperti telah kita ketahui bersama baha buaya merupakan salah satu hewan purba yang tersisa si bumi ini. Buaya merupakan hewan Karnivora yang dapat hidup di air dan daratan. Indonesia memiliki 7 spesies buaya dari total seluruh spesies buaya yang ada di Dunia.

Spesies buaya yang terdapat di Indonesia antara lain :

10 Hewan Unik dan Menarik Yang Sangat Dimusuhi manusia

1.Gumprecht 's Pit Viper Green
 

Ini ular hijau berwarna terang yang mencolok, umumnya dikenal sebagai pit viper hijau Gumprecht's, ditemukan di kawasan Asia Tenggara lebih penguasa Mekong.
Ular, yang memiliki nama resmi gumprechti Trimeresurus, pertama kali ditemukan oleh para ilmuwan di tahun 2002, meskipun para ilmuwan kahirnya memutuskan untuk membasmi mereka.

10 Tumbuhan Aneh Pemakan Hewan

Darisemua tanaman aneh di dunia, banyak tanaman yang butuh daging..sepertidaging serangga, dan mereka adalah tumbuhan karnivora .Semua tanamankarnivora dapat ditemukan di daerah dimana tanah memiliki nutrisisangat sedikit. Tanaman menarik ini dikategorikan sebagai karnivorakarena mereka membuat perangkap serangga dan arthropoda, menghasilkancairan pencernaan, melarutkan mangsa , dan sebagian besar, nutrisimereka dari proses ini. Buku pertama tanaman ini ditulis oleh CharlesDarwin, pada tahun 1875, “Insectivorous Plants”.

Setelah penemuan dan penelitian lebih lanjut, diyakini bahwa sifat pemakandaging berevolusi pada enam kesempatan terpisah, dari lima perintahyang berbeda dari tanaman berbunga.sekarang ditemukan lebih dari 630spesies yang berbeda tanaman berbunga.

Ada lima mekanisme dasar tentang jebakan yang digunakan dan ditemukan disemua tanaman: seperti perangkap Fly Kertas, perangkap pukulan,perangkap kantong dan jebakan pot Lobster. Saya ingin menunjukkanbeberapa tanaman, menggunakan mekanisme masing-masing, sehingga Andajuga dapat melihat perbedaan antara genera yang berbeda.

7 Makanan Teraneh Di Dunia

7. Makanan Dari Serangga

Hidangan makanan dari serangga ini disebut entomophagy dan cukup umum di banyak di konsumsi si seluruh dunia, kecuali Eropa dan Amerika Utara (meskipun serangga tampaknya menjadi favorit dengan acara televisi “Fear Factor”). Hidangan makanan yang berasal dari belalang, jangkrik, kalajengking, laba-laba dan cacing banyak ditemui di jalan-jalan di Bangkok, Thailand. Serangga memang memiliki protein yang tinggi dan juga vitamin. Bahkan tepung dari bekas pengeringannya sering digunakan untuk membuat chocolate chip cookie.

7 Konsep Taman Bunga Terindah

Pasti kita sering melihat taman bunga di sekeliling rumah kita, bahkan mungkin kita punya taman sendiri. Namun rumah di jakarta yang punya taman pasti tidak sebanyak rumah di surabaya karena harga tanah di jakarta yang lebih mahal daripada tanah di surabaya. Akan tetapi akan susah sekali kita membikin taman bunga kita sebagus dengan taman bunga yang memang dibuat dan diperuntukkan untuk keindahan publik. Hal ini dikarenakan keterbatasan dana, jenis bunga yang kita punyai, luas tanah, dan sebagainya.

Bagi yang suka taman bunga, marilah kita lihat 7 Konsep Taman Bunga Terindah berikut ini :

7 Bangunan Bersejarah Yang Dibuat Presiden Soekarno

1. Masjid Istiqlal

 

Masjid Istiqlal adalah masjid yang terletak di pusat ibukota negara Republik Indonesia, Jakarta. Masjid ini adalah masjid terbesar di Asia Tenggara. Masjid ini diprakarsa Ir. Sukarno di mana pemancangan batu pertama, sebagai tanda dimulainya pembangunan Masjid Istiqlal dilakukan oleh Ir. Soekarno pada tanggal 24 Agustus 1951. Arsitek Masjid Istiqlal adalah Frederich Silaban. Lokasi masjid ini berada di timur laut lapangan Monumen Nasional (Monas). Bangunan utama masjid ini terdiri dari lima lantai. Masjid ini mempunyai kubah yang diameternya 45 meter. Masjid ini mampu menampung orang hingga lebih dari dua ratus ribu jamaah. Selain digunakan sebagai aktivitas ibadah umat Islam, masjid ini juga digunakan sebagai kantor Majelis Ulama Indonesia, aktivitas sosial, dan kegiatan umum. Masjid ini juga menjadi salah satu daya tarik wisata yang terkenal di Jakarta. Kebanyakan wisatawan yang berkunjung umumnya wisatawan domestik, dan sebagian wisatawan asing yang beragama Islam. Tidak diketahui apakah umat non-Islam dapat berkunjung ke masjid ini.

7 Tumbuhan Unik Dengan Kemampuan Tersembunyinya

Tanaman mungkin tidak banyak anda perhatikan, karena kebanyakn mereka hanya diam, apakah mereka menunggu untuk dimakan? Mungkin anda berpikir mereka tidak mempunyai rencana seperti hewan, mereka hanya tumbuh dan menjadi mangsa. Tapi banyak perangai yang bisa kita pelajari dari tanaman. Mereka bisa membakar, menembakkan senjata, bisa terbang, dan bahkan bisa bekerja sama. Ada juga tanaman yang mampu membangun skema canggih untuk pertahanan mereka, juga ada tanaman yang bisa membalas dendam. Berikut 7 Tumbuhan Unik Dengan Kemampuan Tersembunyinya, yaitu :

8 Tanaman Unik dan Langka yang Jarang Ditemui

Berikut adalah tanaman yang unik di alam semesta kita, namun saking unik dan langkanya, bentuknya terlihat menyeramkan, tetapi masih segar bila dipandang.

10 Tanaman Unik Dan Aneh Di Dunia

Tumbuhan memang makhluk yang beragam dan unik. Ada yang sereem, unik, ganas lagi! Berikut tanaman yang mungkin aneh dan unik di dunia:

10 Danau Terbesar Di Dunia

Danau adalah sejumlah air (tawar atau asin) yang terakumulasi di suatu tempat yang cukup luas, yang dapat terjadi karena mencairnya gletser, aliran sungai, atau karena adanya mata air. Biasanya danau dapat dipakai sebagai sarana rekreasi, dan olahraga.
Danau adalah cekungan besar di permukaan bumi yang digenangi oleh air bisa tawar ataupun asin yang seluruh cekungan tersebut dikelilingi oleh daratan.
Kebanyakan danau adalah air tawar dan juga banyak berada di belahan bumi utara pada ketinggian yang lebih atas.
Nah berikut ini palingseru memberikan informasi seputar 10 Danau Terbesar Di Dunia

Blue Lake, Danau Paling Jernih di Dunia

 

Kamu mau tahu  danau mana yang memiliki air danau paling jerinih di dunia jawabanya adalah danau Blue Lake air di danau ini sangat jernih sekalai sehinga terlihat dasar danau.
Danau Blue Lake terletak di negara   Selandia Baru tepatnya berada di Nelson Lakes National Park bagi sebagain orang di sana danau ini sering disebut sebagai danau Tikitapu.

Misteri Lucifer, Malaikat Yang di Kutuk Allah SWT

Misteri Lucifer, Malaikat Yang Di Kutuk ALLAH SWT   – Banyak orang bertanya siapakah lucifer dalam Islam? Pada ajarn agama kristen dikenal sosok Lucifer yang merupakan seorang malaikat yang dibuang dari surga karena tidak mau bersujud kepada Adam, siapakah sosok ini dalam Islam? ini adalah yang paling mendekati.akan di bahas pula tentang kenapa wujud iblis dalam agama kristen itu berupa kambing, semoga membantu
Allah bertanya pada Azazel,”Mengapa kau enggan bersujud pada Adam?”,
Azazel menjawab,”Tiada yang patut kuagungkan selain Diri-Mu”.
Allah bertanya balik,”Kendati kau akan menerima kutukan-Ku?”.
Azazel menjawab,”Tidak mengapa, karena hasrat hatiku tak sudi condong pada yang lain. Hamba hanyalah seorang pecinta“.
Kemudian Azazel bersyair:

7 Tempat Paling Menakjubkan di Indonesia

Indonesia memiliki ke indahan dan keragaman yang memang tidak di miliki negara lain Banyak para wisatawan dari luar negri berdatangan ke indonesia untuk menikmati ke indahan indonesia nah berikut ini ada 7 Tempat Paling Menakjubkan di Indonesia kamu mau tahu tempat apa aja itu simak berikut ini.

7 Negara Paling Menakutkan di Dunia

Inilah 7  tempat paling mengerikan, menyeramkan, dan menakutkan di dunia:

7 Ruang Bawah Tanah Paling Unik di Dunia

Ruang bawah tanah biasa di bangun oleh manusia sebagai tempat bersembunyi atau sebagai penjara rahasia, letaknya yang berada di bawah tanah terkadang membuat banyak orang tidak mengetahui letaknya nah berikut ini ada 7 ruang bawah tanah paling unik dan aneh di dunia ingin tahu seperti apa simak berikut ini.

7 Jenis Kucing Paling Langka

Kucing merupakan hewan pliharan yang lucu banyak orang memelihara kucing sebagai hobi namun taukah kamu ternyata di dunia ini ada lho kucing kucing langka yang jarang kamu ketahui kamu ingin tahu kucing apa aja itu simak berikut ini.

7 Rumah Paling Unik di Dunia

Rumah biasanya merupakan tempat kita untuk berlindung dari berbagai hal ancaman atau tempat kita beristirahat bagunan rumah biasanya tergatung betuknya nah bagaimana kalau kita membagun rumah dengan bentuk yang unik nah berikut ini ada 7 Rumah Paling Unik di Dunia mau tahu rumah apa aja itu simak ulasan berikut ini.

7 Ikan Paling Cantik di Dunia

Ikan adalah hewan yang hidup di air tawar maupun di air laut banyak jenis ikan di dunia ini nah berikut ini  ada 7  Ikan Paling Cantik  di Dunia mau tahu ikan apa aja itu simak berikut ini.

Hoia-Baciu, Hutan Yang Memiliki Pintu Masuk Alien

Pintu masuk Alien – Hutan Mistik — Hutan Hoia-Baciu yang terletak di Romania selain memiliki pemandangan yang sangat indah tetapi memiliki beberapa cerita cerita mistis yang ada didalamnya.
Hutan Hoia-Baciu bagi sebagaian orang Romania merupakan hutan yang sangat misterius banyak cerita cerita mistis yang berkembang di dalam hutan ini mulai dari adanya kastil drakula hinga pintu masuk yang menghubungkan antara dunia Alien dan manusia.

Misteri Lilin yang Menyala Selama 1500 tahun

Seorang sarjana Australia Robbert Briggen, berpendapat bahwa manusia jaman prasejarah itu memiliki intelegensi yang lebih maju daripada ilmu pengetahuan yang kita miliki karena mereka memiliki lampu-lampu abadi.
“Pada bulan April 1485 mayat seorang gadis bangsawan dari zaman yunani kuno dikeluarkan dari tempat perkuburannya di “Appian Way”. Ketika para penyelidik memasuki tempat pemakamannya, mereka terkejut menemukan sebuah lampu yang menyala sejak 1.500 tahun yang lalu.
Pertanyaannya adalah dengan cara apa para nenek moyang kita membuat lampu yang bisa terus menyala hinga selama itu? Misteri itu masih tetap merupakan misteri yang pelik akan tetapi sejumlah ahli masuh terus berusaha untuk menyelesaikan masalah ini.

Misteri Harta Karun Nabi Sulaeman A.S

Pada hari elasa, 6 Februari 2007, Zionis-Israel telah secara terang-terangan memulai proyek penghancuran Masjidil Aqsha yang merupakan masjid tersuci ketiga bagi umat Islam sedunia.
Jika sebelumnya kaum Zionis ini melakukan hal tersebut secara diam-diam, bahkan menyangkalnya dengan berbagai dalih, namun di hari kedua bulan Februari ini mereka telah menyatakan secara terbuka bahwa mereka memang berniat menghancurkan masjid yang pernah menjadi kiblat pertama bagi kaum Muslimin.

Upaya Zionis-Israel untuk menghancurkan Masjidil Aqsha sudah lama diketahui dunia. Keinginan mereka untuk membangun kembali Haikal Sulaiman (The Solomon Temple), di atas reruntuhan Masjidil Aqsha juga telah menjadi rahasia umum. Hanya saja, apa dasar ideologi dan maksud-maksud tersembunyi di balik penghancuran Masjidil Aqsha dan pendirian Haikal Sulaiman tersebut, hal ini masih menjadi pertanyaan besar.