1 . Extreme long shot
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| Extreme Long Shot |
This can be taken from as much as a quarter of a mile away, and is generally
used as a scene-setting, establishing shot. It normally shows an EXTERIOR,
eg the outside of a building, or a landscape, and is often used to show scenes
of thrilling action eg in a war film or disaster movie. There will be very
little detail visible in the shot, it's meant to give a general impression rather
than specific information.
The extreme long shot on the left is taken from a distance, but denotes
a precise location - it might even connote all of the entertainment industry
if used as the opening shot in a news story.
2. Long Shot
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| Long Shot |
This is the most difficult to categorise precisely, but is generally
one which
shows the image as approximately "life" size ie corresponding to the
real distance
between the audience and the screen in a cinema (the figure of a man
would
appear as six feet tall). This category includes the FULL SHOT showing
the
entire human body, with the head near the top of the frame and the
feet near
the bottom. While the focus is on characters, plenty of background
detail still emerges: we can tell the coffins on the right are in a
Western-style setting, for instance.
3. Medium Shot
Contains a figure from the knees/waist up and is normally used for dialogue
scenes, or to show some detail of action. Variations on this include the TWO
SHOT (containing two figures from the waist up) and the THREE SHOT (contains
3 figures...). NB. Any more than three figures and the shot tends to become
a long shot. Background detail is minimal, probably because location has been
established earlier in the scene - the audience already know where they are
and now want to focus on dialogue and character interation. Another variation
in this category is the OVER-THE-SHOULDER-SHOT, which positions the camera
behind one figure, revealing the other figure, and part of the first figure's
back, head and shoulder.
4. Close-Up
This shows very little background, and concentrates on either a face, or a
specific detail of mise en scène. Everything else is just a blur in the background.
This shot magnifies the object (think of how big it looks on a cinema screen)
and shows the importance of things, be it words written on paper, or the expression
on someone's face. The close-up takes us into the mind of a character. In reality,
we only let people that we really trust get THAT close to our face - mothers,
children and lovers, usually - so a close up of a face is a very intimate shot.
A film-maker may use this to make us feel extra comfortable or extremely uncomfortable
about a character, and usually uses a zoom lens in order to get the required
framing.
5. Extreme Close-Up
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| Extreme Close Up |
As its name suggests, an extreme version of the close up, generally magnifying
beyond what the human eye would experience in reality. An extreme close-up
of a face, for instance, would show only the mouth or eyes, with no background
detail whatsoever. This
is a very artificial shot, and can be used for dramatic effect. The tight focus
required means that extra care must be taken when setting up and lighting the
shot - the slightest camera shake or error in focal length is very noticeable.
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